28.12.2015

Nobel mukofoti

                        NOBEL MUKOFOTI 

         ATROFIDAGI HAQIQAT VA MISH-MISHLAR

Картинки по запросу nobel
Nobel mukofoti (ingl. Nobel Prize) — buyuk ilmiy izlanishlar, inqilobiy ixtirolar yoki madaniyat va jamiyatning rivojiga katta hissalar qoʻshganligi uchun har yili taqdim etiladigan eng nufuzli xalqaro mukofotlardan biri.

Ushbu mukofotni Shvetsiyalik olim, dinamit ixtirochisi Alfred Nobel ta’sis etgan. A. B. Nobelning vasiyatiga koʻra, undan keyin qolgan mablagʻ asosida Nobel jamgʻarmasi tashkil etildi. Shu jamgʻarmaga har yili kelib tushadigan daromad 5 qismga teng boʻlinib vasiyatiga koʻra, irqi, millati, jinsi va dinidan qatʼi nazar, fizika, kimyo, fiziologiya yoki tibbiyot sohasidagi kashfiyotlar, badiiy asarlar, xalqlar doʻstligi va tinchlikni mustahkamlash yoʻlida koʻrsatilgan faoliyat uchun beriladi.1969-yildan boshlab Shved bankining tashabbusi bilan iqtisodiyot sohasida bajarilgan yirik tatqiqotlar uchun ham Nobel mukofoti beriladigan bo’ldi.
Nobel mukofoti Alfred Nobel tasviri tushurilgan oltin medal, mukofot diploma va miqdori Nobel jamg’armasidagi daromadga bog’liq bo’lgan pul mukofotidan iborat. Eng birinchi mukofot 1901-yilda topshirilib, uning miqdori 42 ming dollar bo‘lsa, 2013- yilda 8 mln shved kronasi (1,2 mln $ atrofida) ga teng bo’ldi.Mukofot topshirilishidan avval butun jahondagi yirik tashkilotlar tomonidan mukofot uchun nomzodlarni ko’rsatish ishlari amalgam oshiriladi. Oktabr oyida nomzodlar o’z mamlakatlarida e’lon qilinadi. Ularning yakuniy tanlovi bilan Shved Qirolligi Fanlar Akademiyasi, Karolina instituting Nobel assambleyasi va Narvegiya Nobel qo’mitasi shug’ullanadi. Nobel mukofotini topshirish tantanasi Shvedsiyaning poytaxti Stokgolm va Norvegiyaning poytaxti Oslada Alfred Nobel vafot etgan kun, ya’ni, 10-dekabrda o’tkaziladi.Stokgolm shahrida fizika, komyo, fiziologiya va tibbiyot, adabiyot va iqtisodiyot sohalari bo’yicha mukofotlarni Shvedsiya qiroli topshiradi. Jahonda tinchlikni mustahkamlash ishlari uchun beriladigan Nobel mukofoti esa Oslo shahrida Norvegiya qiroli topshiradi.
Matematiklarda nima ayb?
Eng qizig’i, matematika faniga oid yangiliklar uchun mukofot berilmaydi. Bunga sababni esa hech kim aniq bilmaydi hamda bu to’grida turli qarashlar mavjud. Ko’p tarqalgan bir afsonaga ko’ra, Nobel o’sha davrning yetuk matematigi Mittag Lefflerdan hotinini rashk qilib, matematiklarni yomon ko’rib qolgan hamda ularga mukofot berilmasin deb vasiyat qoldirgan. Alfred Nobel biogorafiyasiga oid ilmiy ish qilgan mutaxassislarning fikricha esa, bu shunchaki latifa va uydirmadan boshqa narsa emas. Buni rad etuvchi eng birinchi fakt Nobelning hech qachon uylanmaganligi hisoblanadi. Shuningdek, Nobel va Mittag Leffler degan matematik bilan biron marta uchrashmagan yoki biron yaqin munosabat o’rnatmagan.
Garchi Nobel uylanmagan bo‘lsa-da, tarixchilar uning kamida 3 muhabbati bo‘lganini qayd etishgan. Birinchi sevgi Rossiyada AleksandRa ismli qizga nisbatan uyg‘onadi, lekin qiz uning dil izhorini rad etadi. 1876 yili esa o‘zining kotibasi Berta Kinskiga ko‘ngil qo‘yadi. Ammo Berta ham ilk muhabbati – baron Artur Gandakkar fon Sattnerga turmushga chiqib ketadi. Biroq qiz Nobel bilan aloqasini uzmaydi. Mukofotga «tinchlik yo‘lidagi xizmatlari uchun» yo‘nalishining qo‘shilishiga ham aynan Berta sababchi bo‘lgan. Berta fon Sattner «tinchlik yo‘lidagi samimiy xizmatlari» uchun 1905 yili Nobel mukofoti bilan taqdirlanadi. Alfredning eng uzoq davom etgan muhabbati (18 yil) venalik ismi «gul qiz» ma’nosini anglatuvchi Sofi Hess bo‘ladi.
Yuqorida keltirilgan ayollarning hech biri hikoyadagi matematik Mittag Leffler bilan hech qanday munosabatda bo’lmagan.
Mutaxassislar ta’kidlashicha, matematiklarga Nobel mukofoti berilmasligiga sabablardan biri, o’sha davrda matematiklar uchun oliy mukofotning mavjudligi edi. Bu mukofot Mittag-Lefflerning qirol Oskar II ga qilgan iltimosiga binoan avvalroq tashki qilingan edi. Nobel esa bu oliy mukofot bilan raqobat qilishni nojoiz deb bilib, bunday oliy mukofot hali ta’sis etilmagan hamda o’zi qiziqqan sohalarga e’tibor qaratishni lozim topadi. Shuningdek, Nobel matematikani o’ta nazariy soha deb o’ylagan degan qarash tarafdorlari ham talaygina. Qaysi qarash to’g'riligidan qat’iy nazar, Nobel Mukofoti o’z qiymati va favquloda ahamiyatini hech qachon yo’qotmaydi va ilm-fan, insoniyat taraqqioytiga ulkan hissa qo’shishda davom etaveradi.
Quyida Alfred Nobelning vasiyatnomasi matni bilan o’zingiz tanishib chiqib, ”matematiklarga mukofot berilmasin” degan jumla yo’qligiga yana bir ishonch hosil qilasiz.
‘’Men, quyida imzo chekuvchi Alfred Bernxard Noyel o‘ylab, bir qarorga keldim va ushbu noma orqali vafotimgacha orttirgan mol-mulkim xususidagi vasiyatni e’lon qilaman.
Mendan keyin qoladigan, sotsa bo‘ladigan barcha mulkni vasiylarim qimmatbaho qog‘ozlarga aylantirib, jamg‘arma tashkil qilishlari kerak. Undan keladigan foizlar o‘tgan yilda odamzodga eng katta foyda keltirganlarga mukofot tarzida berilsin.
Foizlar beshta teng bo‘lakka taqsimlanib, quyidagilarga beriladi: birinchi qismi – fizika sohasida muhim kashfiyot yoki ixtiro qilgan odamga, ikkinchisi – kimyo sohasida yirik kashfiyot qilgn yoki uni takomillashtirgan odamga, uchinchisi – fiziologiya yoki meditsina sohasida buyuk yutuqlarga erishgan odamga, to‘rtinchisi – insoniy ideallarni aks ettirgan buyuk badiiy asar yozgan odamga, beshinchisi – xalqlarning jipslashuviga, qullikni yo‘qotishga, mavjud armiyalarni qisqartirishga va tinchlik shartnomalariga hissa qo‘shgan odamga.
Fizika va kimyo sohasidagi mukofotlar Shvetsiya qirollik fanlar akademiyasi tomonidan, fiziologiya va meditsina sohasidagilar – Stokgolmdagi qirollik Karolin instituti tomonidan, adabiyot sohasidagilar Shvetsiya akademiyasi tomonidan, tinchlik mukofoti – Norvegiya parlamenti saylaydigan besh kishilik qo‘mita tomonidan berilishi kerak.
Mening alohida istagim shuki, mukofot berilishiga nomzodning millati ta’sir etmasin, mukofotni skandinaviyalikmi yo boshqa, bundan qat’iy nazar, eng munosib odamlar olishsin.
Ushbu vasiyatim oxirgisi va uzil-kesildir, u qonuniy kuchga ega va agar, vafotimdan keyin oldingi vasiyatnomalarim chiqib qolgudek bo‘lsa, ular o‘z kuchini yo‘qotgan, deb hisoblansin.
Nihoyat, mening so‘nggi talabim shuki, oxirgi nafasimdan keyin vakolatli vrach o‘lim yetganini aniqlasin va shundan keyingina jasadim kuydirilsin”.
Parij, 1895 yil, 27 noyabr
Alfred Bernxard Nobel

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